Monday, June 19, 2017

Blog 24



Blog 24/ (Slides 10-12): PRE-CALL AS A LEARNED SKILL – Affords new union of psi to science, or psychology to space-time.
                                                                                        



     Three factors therefore suggest that pre-call learning should be feasible.  First is the general correlation between frequency and mentality, as observed from close observation of spontaneous psi anecdotes.  Second is the pre-call diagram which suggests that heightened interest in future occurrences should make them more accessible.
    And third is the future half of the Minkowski diagram, for space-time.  From which so many eminent physicists have concluded that future events are just waiting for us ‘to come across them’ as our lives proceed.  Though never with any further pragmatic investigation of this possibility !
    Given such, it can only be sensible to assemble more expertise from other more conventional learning feats before starting, since “learning to learn” may be taken as one definition of intelligence.
    Despite his well-known contention that ‘the common distinction between past, present future is just an illusion’, about the only pragmatic effort Einstein ever seems to have made in this direction, was around 1928.  This happened when he enquired of Swiss child psychologist J.Piaget whether our personal sense of time was innate (i.e. inborn) or learned.
   Whereupon - after numerous observations on the very young -  Piaget then concluded that the latter is more likely to be true.  So that our personal sense of time is probably “learned from our parents through enculturation and language.  …..One could almost say that the child begins as a little relativist, but then grows up as a Newtonian absolutist.”
    In similar vein one may note that Amazon tribes cut off from the modern world - as also the original inhabitants of Australia - often have no words to distinguish between past and future, and so lack our clear distinction between the two.  Whereas  the Indo-European language family – through which western science has progressed so rapidly - is especially rich  in tensed refinements, so enforcing commonly held (but often untested) notions about time.     
    In this context S. Freud once concluded that “ the processes (of the unconscious are timeless…..in fact bear no relation to time at all.”  While his onetime colleague C.J. Jung went even further: “there is in the subconscious something like an a priori knowledge, which lacks any causal basis.”
    All of which suggests that pre-call may reasonably be expected to be a highly censored faculty.  One can expect that it might best manifest whenever the conscious mental Censor is relaxed (as in sleep) or otherwise off-guard.  Another conclusion with which close observation of its spontaneous everyday occurrences also agrees.  


 
    In my own case direct pragmatic action along these lines then shows quite clearly that pre-call can indeed be learned.   For by simply deciding to develop a greater interest - while always wary of the internal Censor - a strong increase in spontaneous psi manifestations can be attained. 
    Though,  since these can be rather  upsetting to one’s sense of temporal equilibrium, it’s best to concentrate on strictly numerate exercises.  Which are one step removed from everyday activities.  
    My audience or readers are of course by no means expected to accept what I report here out of hand.   Instead they’re invited to “Try it and See!” (as Galileo first said) and reach their own conclusions thereby.  While I’ll now furnish sufficient detail in the next few paragraphs to enable such tests to be tried out.
    To learn numerate pre-call – say with the very simple exercise of ‘guessing’ (sic) playing-cards –  therefore firstly requires strong and continuous application of phenomenology.  A discipline founded by Edmund Husserl over 100 years ago, phenomenology can be defined as a heightened form of self-awareness  Or  ‘examination and description of internal states (of mind)’.
     To which one must add deliberate reproduction of the desired ‘low-noise’ mind-state which gives positive pre-call results.  And, even more importantly, deliberate suppression of those opposite or ‘high-noise’ mind-states - wherein mistakes are more likely to occur.
   As yet of course there exist no words which might communicate the essence of these opposed mind-states to the wholly inexperienced.  They can however be circumscribed with familiar adjectives conveying something of their quality. 
    So that ‘calm, cool, relaxed, happy, empty-minded’ are all useful descriptions of that desired ‘low-noise’ mind-state which gives positive pre-call results.  Whereas ‘worried, hurried, rushed, nervous, pressurised,’ apply to its ‘high-noise’ opposite.

    Given such – again say for the simplest pre-call exercise of learning to ‘guess’ ordinary playing-cards correctly – the pre-call procedure is mainly one of trial-and-error repeated on a sufficient and regular basis.  And, as I’ve mentioned earlier, more detailed instructions on how to do this are  available in my recent ebook Future, Memory and Time (2016 – Edn 2).
   Further the sensible improvement rate you might aim for – escalating from near- average results initially – would be about 1% per 1,000 trials or 5 hours effort.  This is a rate in line with other more conventional learning feats.
   Otherwise the main requirement for learned pre-call are interest, motivation and above all strong and continuous application of will-power.   For, as psychologists have lately begun to realise, will-power is quite a limited resource in our everyday routines. 
    So that you could hardly undertake deliberate pre-call throughout a full working day.  About 1 or at most 2 hours daily will be quite enough.
   Successful pre-call can then result in new harmony between psychology and physics, a new psycho-physical attitude more in conformity with those otherwise puzzling implications from the future of Minkowski space-time.

   I’ve recommended ‘guessing’ (sic) playing-cards here as the simplest pre-call exercise.   It should suffice for anyone wishing to validate (or falsify) my general conclusions on the psychology of space-time.   But once success is attained in this simplest mode, there are many others in which pre-call can be found to operate.  
    For these others the procedures are much the same as with the initial card pre-call exercise, while realising that one must largely ‘start all over again’ for each new learning feat. 
    Or, ‘learning to learn’ from more familiar routines once again, one can note that good competence on the piano will not immediately guarantee similar performance on the violin.  At best one could expect to be a little better than one who is totally inexperienced musically. 
    And so it is also when one starts out on new pre-call learning feats. 
    Though long experienced in some half-dozen varied pre-call routines,  I will only stress 2 here.   First is my conclusion that a quantum generator can be pre-called much as with croupier-thrown roulette, mechanical randomisers. and electronic RNGs.  This quantum conclusion replicates a finding reported by Helmut Schmidt from the Rhine Laboratory almost 50 years ago.
    If such can then be confirmed by others, it would falsify the Copenhagen Dictum underlying those various aspects of  ‘quantum weirdness’ so prevalent currently.    
     Second I’ll highlight an intriguing little pre-call exercise which I still carry out almost every day.   This has to do with moving vehicles,  And their drivers can all be described as ‘randomly numbered people’ – because of their vehicle’s licence-plate that’s designed for everyone to see. 
     So that to be able to pre-call what vehicle number you will  encounter – say at the next static traffic-light 2 minutes ahead in time and I miles further on in space – is by far the most convincing proof of  space-time’s reality.
    Unfortunately this mode no longer applies in modern Britain, because random-digit licence-plates were there abandoned years ago.   But in most countries elsewhere randomised licence plates still hold. 
     And again my readers and audience are invited to “Try and See!” at their own convenience, this being the easiest and most informative pre-call exercise of all.




 
   What all this affords is therefore a sixth example of ‘naïve impressions replaced by scientific knowledge’ – though only for pre-call adepts so far.  For naïve impressions hold that random future events could never possibly be predicted: pre-call conversely clarifies that at least many of them can.
   And the result is a new psycho-physical isomorph (= same shape) between psychology and physics – as the next diagram shows.  This was the objective when quantum pioneer W.Pauli allied with psychologist C.G.Jung for their nebulous notion of Synchronicity.
     It further resolves that problem noted by Paul Davies when he deplored the ‘glaring mismatch’ between subjective and objective time.   Likewise concluding ‘Einstein’s unfinished revolution’ to at least a first degree. 


 
   In this section I’ll report on a first collaborative attempt by me to partially pre-call UK Lotto, at the kind invitation of Dr. David Vernon, senior lecturer in psychology at Canterbury University.
   When considering this first ever Lotto attempt by myself, it’s important to remember M.Gell-Mann’s observation that first experiments are “often messy” and seldom perfect.
    As for example with two I’ve already mentioned:  Eddington’s first proof of Einstein’s General Relativity Theory (GRT - 1919)  and the Hafele-Keating ‘flying clocks’ experiment (1971).  To which one may add the first experimental flight of the Wright Brothers (1903) which lasted for 120 feet -  just slightly longer than one wing of a Jumbo jet nowadays. 
   In any case UK Lotto has two weekly draws (8.30pm every Wednesday and Saturday) – when 6 out of a total 59 numbered balls tumble out of a mechanical randomising device. (With the 7th bonus ball here ignored.)
    Our agreed procedure was that I should text just 3 pre-call selections (even though there are 6 possible outcomes)  to Dr. Vernon around 12.30 pm each Wednesday.  And then inspect the actual Lotto results after 8.30pm that same night.
  Saturday draws were not included, and texting  was replaced by Gmail after Day 12.
      This was therefore an experiment extending into future space-time by 600 kilometres and 8 hrs.   600 km was the spatial interval between my usual location in Galway and London where the draws take place.  While 8 hrs was the temporal interval between my pre-call decisions (around 12.30pm) and my observation of the later outcomes (after 8.30 pm when balls tumble out.)  
      We regarded this experiment as tightly fool-proof because the timed texts – of both sender and receiver – would always be available for inspection in the mobile-phone (and later Gmail) records.   While even the records of any superfluous texts – wherein I might have texted wrong choices which could be excised later by both parties – would likewise still remain.
    Results are shown in abbreviated form here.  With + denoting just one success out of 3 attempts for any particular day.   And ++ denotes 2 successes (again out of 3 possible) on Day 6 alone.
     Being very much ignorant of probability calculations at this level, I was at first reliant on two 2nd-yr psychology students whose estimates proved highly unreliable.   But – after the whole experiment was concluded by me at the end of  Day 18 - I was able to enlist the kind services of Dr. Michel Fitzgerald – former lecturer in statistics at GMIT, Galway.
    He defines a winning day as one wherein I scored either 1, or2, or 3 successes (+ scores) with p-value of 0.284.  And he calculates the total p-value after Day 15 as 0.002, or about 1 chance in 500 days more colloquially.   While the p-value after 18 days was 0.0125, or about 1 chance in 80 in popular terms.
    After Day 15 however it grew quite evident to me that I had definitely ‘lost form’.  This was for several strong background reasons I will not elaborate on  here.  “Loss of form” is of course a very familiar occurrence in certain athletic pursuits (golf among others) wherein mind control is paramount.  Think Tiger Woods in this context…..
    So that after Day 18 – and despite the fact that we had originally planned for 24 days – the latest incoming evidence made me conclude that it would be rather useless to go any further with this first Lotto attempt.  Frequential analysts may of course conclude that this ‘optional stopping’ obviated the entire experiment.  But such would ignore the subtleties of my psychological background which had changed markedly after Day 15.




     There are of course at least 6 obvious measures whereby this first attempt at Lotto pre-call could be much improved:
1/ The protocol could be strengthened: should the pre-caller aim for just 1 (out of 3) win-selections daily? Instead of trying for ‘as many as possible’ indiscriminately as I was attempting here. 
2/ Pre-call selections should be done around 7.30pm daily – so giving a lesser 1-hr extension into future space-time.  Instead of that much longer  8-hr interval involved in this attempt.
3/  There should be twice-weekly attempts – i.e. on both Wednesday and Saturday.  Instead of just Wednesday as our protocol involved.
4/ As opposed to too-rigid frequential analysis, Bayesian analysis must seem preferable.   This would better allow for p-calculation after every single result, and also for obvious “loss of form”.
5/ Google time-stamping – as used for financial documents - should be preferable to ordinary G-mail from a fraud-proofing viewpoint?
6/ There should be 6 pre-call adepts – instead of one solitary individual,  which was just me here.  With each concentrating to pre-call just 1 correct result out of 3 selections.  Plus also a (7th) director to iron out any inconsistencies and attend to business otherwise.    
   Given such a program, It then seems reasonable to project that the full 6 Lotto winning numbers might be pre-called perhaps once a year.  For that mixer-machine which spews out the winning numbers is just another mechanical randomiser.  And there’s abundant evidence from other randomisers that pre-call can be made to operate with them.
   Finally I intend to publish the results of this Lotto experiment in full detail in a later Blog.  So inviting comment from all quarters – and hopefully Bayesian analysis from those competent in this sphere…



    Nevertheless, and despite its great simplicity and ready functionality, there are obviously still various problems and possibilities associated with the pre-call concept overall.  Among these are:-
   1/  Just what is the basis for pre-call functionality? 
         But since the functionality of more familiar re-call is still a mystery to current science, it must seem premature to question its less frequent counterpart at this early stage.
2/  Does pre-call require a new, temporally enlarged, paradigm for consciousness?
          Quite possibly, since currently there’s large uncertainty on what a viable paradigm on the function of consciousness might involve.    
3/   Does pre-call violate the principle of causality?
           Initially it does looks so.  But to apply the physical doctrine of causality, to the less corporeal region of mental function, may constitute what philosophers term a category mistake. 
               While further realising that causality stems from observations incorporating that Prime Assumption of wholly asymmetric memory.
4/   Does it threaten the common impression of  an open future mostly susceptible to free will, and induce an undue degree of fatalism instead?
           ‘Free will’ is a term inherited from the ancients, and probably requires to be replaced.   Likewise for this common notion of ‘the future’ which might require new differentiation and neologisms.  For example ‘the physical future’, ‘the personal future’, ‘the common future, ‘the plastic future’ and so on.
     Such current deficiencies are part of a greater problem, in that overall time language is still largely untested, pre-scientific and confused.  Much as mediaeval alchemy had no well-defined term/concepts for elements, compounds, atoms, molecules, etc.
     As for fatalism, well-balanced pre-call adepts would hardly let that possibility worry them unduly: the mentality is difficult enough to elicit for just numerate endeavours right now.
5/ Could 100% reliability – e.g. for card pre-call – ever be attained?
    While 90+% competence is certainly imaginable, the learning process is definitely exponential, so making full pre-call reliability more questionable.  Or can even a champion dart-player attain full perfection at all times?
6/   Is there likely to be an objective physical indicator (for example EEG waves) whenever the desired pre-call mentality has been attained?
      Probably…
7/   If one had 3 adepts – each with .75 competence in binary (red-or-black?) pre-call – would there be greater reliability on those occasions when all happened to agree?
     In theory yes:  in practice still unclear….
8/ What is the maximum time horizon into future space-time for pre-call to operate?
       Very definitely at least 4 months in my experience.  And probably much longer as the traditional literature suggests.





       More positively in this final section, we can consider various new possibilities apparent under the pre-call paradigm…
1/  It should radically elevate the status of psi research from its current low position of general derision.  To the much higher status of providing pragmatic answers to some large problems on the modern physics scene.
2/   Pre-call makes psi more fully science-coherent – as opposed to the science-confliction implied by the older ‘transmission’ ideas.
3/ It affords a final proof of Minkowski space-time.  By confirming that all those implications of a ‘laid-out’ future are, at least to some extent, true.
4/  If quantum RNGs can be pre-called as initial experiments suggest, it would falsify the Copenhagen dictum.  And likewise much of that ‘quantum weirdness’ now prevalent on the scientific scene.
5/ And in so doing restore Relativity Theory as the overall prime arbitrer of time.
6/ Since “computers can’t pre-call” – at least insofar as we currently understand them - this provides a new Turing Test.  With a very clear difference between mind and machine, and so important in A.I. fields.
7/  Does familiarity with pre-call enhance one’s general creativity?
      Certainly.
     But also enhance intelligence?
     Not so certain, or maybe at best occasionally.
8/ Through definition and falsification of The Prime Assumption (i.e. that memory is limited to the past alone) pre-call provides more firm foundations for progress in the overall philosophy of time
9/  It may even suggest that there’s a whole new continent of time-future which now awaits pragmatic exploration.  And of which my investigations as reported here, have probably revealed just a general outline so far.
10/ If so, we might soon see a whole New Science of Time get under way – a development for too long absent from the overall science scene…..












Blog 23



Blog 23/  (Slides 7-9): RETHINKING PSI – Shows how a purely temporal revaluation of the ‘psychic’ mystery is best.

    Nevertheless, over the past few decades, there has been considerable comments from physicists, over this great divergence between naïve impressions and the seeming consequences of space-time. 
    So that Paul Davies (About Time- 1988) has highlighted “Einstein’s unfinished revolution” -  “the glaring mismatch” between psychology and physics, or between subjective and objective time.
    Likewise Scientific American and New Scientist – two of our most influential science magazines – continue at regular intervals to voice the suspicion that there’s something, either lacking or seriously mistaken, in the overall scientific comprehension of time.




    In his Emperor’s New Mind (1990) Sir Roger Penrose – author of the Andromeda Paradox  I’ve quoted earlier – therefore queries  whether there might be something illusory about consciousness.   And also wonders how we might change the laws of physics to accord with what our perceptions seem to say.
    But surely, if anything, it should be our largely untested perceptions that need changing?   And not those laws of physics so accurately and often well proven by thousands of experiments?.  
   In A Brief History of Time (1987) Stephen Hawking and Carl Sagan further address the question of why “we can’t remember the future” – in view of that past-future similarity apparent in relativity and space-time realms. 
   While more recently the same question is considered by leading American cosmologists Sean Carroll (From Eternity to Here – 2010 ) and Lee Smolin (Time Reborn - 2014 ).
   Smolin also states that he’s “certain all these problems will be resolved by some simple idea that lies in plain sight of all”
     While not so sure why Smolin should feel so certain, I agree with him that there’s one simple solution to this past/future conundrum which has been overlooked so far. 
    And that the answer to this ‘glaring mismatch between physics and psychology’, just lies in proper understanding of what psi (the term for so-called ‘psychic’ experience) is all about…




    But first to dispose of this question of “remembering the future” over which we’ve seen serious physicists agonise.   For since  ‘re-‘  means ‘again or afterwards’ and ‘future’ implies ‘not yet,’ this verb and noun just can’t be logically combined.  It’s like asking  Why can’t a circle be square?”   or “Why can’t a square be circular?”
    All such are just really oxymora – incongruous combinations of opposites.     So that this problem should first be restated in less oxymoronic form: “Just why can’t mind be aware of the future as it is of the past?”
    To which the most straightforward solution might be to query further: “But has anyone ever really tried so far?”   As the innocent child in The Emperor’s New Clothes might question - and indeed as my 'nephew' Alexander Connolly (then aged eleven- and- a-half)  once asked me.
    This crystallises the issue of what I’ve long termed THE PRIME ASSUMPTION: that mind can only contemplate the past alone.  (In this I’m ignoring the present – since what we regard as now is already long past in physics terms).
Insofar as I can find out, nobody ever seems to have articulated this Prime Assumption previously.  And yet it lies at the very foundation of large swathes of philosophy, psychology and physics - as these disciplines are currently understood.
   Neither of course has anyone – hitherto - ever tested out this PRIME ASSUMPTION to see if it is really true.
   And so in our next section I will show how it can readily be falsified    both theoretically and pragmatically – once psi is properly understood.
    That productive psi research has currently almost ground to a halt is now inescapable by almost any criterion of measurement.   Or that there’s been little progress over too many recent years can hardly be denied.
   But such stases happen often throughout science history.  And they’re usually resolved by a fresh approach – as when Einstein realised that the late 19th century notion of an Aether was unreal.  With then broke the logjam to stimulate large progress into previously unsuspected new scientific realms.
    Wherefore both history and large personal experience suggest that this whole unsolved problem of psi awareness should now be totally rethought.  Aided by due lessons from science history, as I am conveying by capitals throughout this section.
     Another of these important lessons from science is that weak anomalies can matter very much – sometimes even opening up whole new arenas of enquiry.  Such was the case when Madame Curie (1896) boiled down a tonne of pitchblende to isolate a decigram of radium – a 10-7 anomaly.  While the recently discovered Higgs Boson was a 10-16 anomaly – or about one part in ten million billion more colloquially.
    In this section I will therefore show later that psi may well be a weak or occasional anomaly of experience with 10-8  frequency.  If so, those sceptics who declaim psi as non-occurrent could be described as careless or inobservant of reality.
   A fourth important lesson from science is that people tend to think in terms of space before considering time.  So that (perhaps predictably) the growth of science has progressed likewise.  One reason for this priority may be that everyday spaces – for example the room you’re sitting in – are concrete and easily visualised.  Whereas time is more evanescent and abstract.
    Another may stem from the fact that infants show spatial awareness within the first fortnight (grasping, facial recognition, etc.).  While remaining largely timeless for at least a year.
    Such may explain why Euclid’s geometry first laid out the early laws of space, and over two millenia before Einstein could start on any laws for time.  While we now have the NASA for Space Administration – but nothing similar for administering Time likewise!
   Wherefore it’s perhaps only predictable that, when psi first began to be investigated after the London foundation of SPR (Society for Psychical Research) in 1882, the main focus should be on spatial – as distinct from temporal – aspects.
     Space rather than time predominated in early psi research, which has largely continued with this priority ever since.   And – as I will show – this   bias goes far to explain its striking  lack of progress overall.


  This ‘space-before-time’ bias can be traced back as far as Anton Mesmer (ca 1780), who resurrected hypnotism.  After which careless and incomplete observation by his protégé Marquis de Puysegur initiated the common notion of ‘clairvoyance’ .  This was supposed to be a paranormal and trans-spatial capacity for seeing into closed or distant realms.  
     But tellingly Puysegur neglects to record whether his mesmerised subjects were ever told the real outcome of their efforts later – a fact which would emphasise their temporal aspect, and more logically.
    The same trans-spatial basis can be observed when the early Society for Psychical research (SPR - London) began to collect anecdotes of psi awareness from the general public after 1882.  Researchers then were obviously influenced by the new technology of telegraphy which was the internet of its day. 
    Hence came the notion of telepathy or mental transmission.   In support of which over 100 carefully considered psi anecdotes were published in Phantasms of the Living (SPR -1886, 1918).
    Yet every last single one of these anecdotes (I’ve analysed them all Individually!) can also be interpreted as if their experients were merely ‘thinking forward - to some surprising experience they would encounter soon afterwards!   Thereby establishing temporal as an equal alternative to spatial interpretations throughout. 
    The same applies to 179 of those 186 psi anecdotes advanced by Louisa Rhine in support of ESP. (Reaches of the Mind – 1962).   
    And likewise to those several dozen anecdotes which have emerged from the CIA-sponsored remote-viewing program of 1972-95.  Its participants aimed to somehow transcend space while trying to peer into foreign regions.  But alternatively one may conclude they were transcending time by just ‘thinking forward’ - to confirmatory information they could inspect soon afterwards.
    In addition most – perhaps all? - successful psi experiments can be interpreted as ‘thinking forward’ likewise.   This applies to reproduced drawings described in Phantasms, at least the majority of J.B. Rhine’s early (and most successful) card-guessing experiments, and (probably) C.Honorton’s ganzfeld results.
    Finally one concrete measure of the space-before-time bias throughout psi research is provided by the last 5 years of the annual SPR conferences.  From 150 papers read there, just 16 (11%) were devoted to temporal affairs. And that includes 3 delivered by me personally……
    In the light of all which an objective observer might remark that the laws of space (e.g. inverse-square transmission) have already been worked out – and allow no obvious room for violating anomalies.   Whereas at least some ‘laws of time’ are still contentious – as indeed we’ve already seen with the problem of space-time psychology.
    So that it must seem more logical to prioritise time over space, if that weak anomaly of psi awareness is to be explained…..





     That logic is essential is another due lesson from science history.   And the point here is that, while all inferences of spatial anomaly can equally be interpreted in terms of the temporal, the reverse is simply not true.   There are some well investigated cases of  temporal psi which simply can’t be interpreted in spatial terms.
    One such is Mark Twain’s report of a famous dream wherein he foresaw his brother Henry in a coffin – an incident which ‘came to pass’ after Henry was blown up in a boiler explosion soon afterwards.  There simply couldn’t be any possibility of ‘telepathy’ or contra-spatial ‘transmission’ in this sequence.
    So that Occam’s excellent ‘dictum of maximum simplicity’ matters here: Two explanations should not be considered where just one will do.
  Further, if your science is reliable, you should be able to make testable predictions about data still uncollected or facts as yet unknown.   So that I now confidently predict that 95+% of new psi anecdotes will “make sense” as temporal anomalies, and regardless of whether a spatial interpretation is also possible.
    Finally too one should sensibly heed Nobelist Peter Medawar’s excellent and sensible advice to young scientists: “Consider the soluble problems first” (The Art of the Soluble -1984)
    But those several space-violating or ‘transmission’ hypotheses have proven largely intractable and unproductive so far.  So that it must seem no more than sensible to set them aside (at least for the moment) and consider the temporal options instead.



     But if one is to consider psi from a purely or largely temporal perspective, a required first step must surely be to check on its descriptive words.   For that “wrong words divert into cul-de-sacs of confusion” is a scientific maxim which  that earlier example of the Aether clearly proves.  
     Wherefore the traditional term ‘precognition’ – which has long served for description of psi temporality – should next be scrutinised.  It’s a term introduced around 1892 by prominent SPR founder F.W.Myers, to describe some early psi anecdotes with unavoidable temporality.  
    Predictably also – in view of the space-before-time rule - this was some 10 years after the spatial or ‘transmission’ idea of telepathy had taken hold.
    Myers however borrowed this term ‘precognition’ ready-made from mediaeval theology.  But, unlike Faraday, he appears not to have considered any further tests for its accuracy or suitability.  He just wanted to remove that element of forewarning inherent in ‘premonition’, a more common inference in that era.
    But pre-cognition’s inherent similarity to re-cognition (of which it is the antonym) was almost bound to cause large ontological confusion, a consequence not clearly realised.
    Confusion arises because re-cognition must involve 3 essential elements.  As can be seen from this following little anecdote:  First I saw Mary yesterday; Second I see her again approaching now; Third I re-cognise her (Lit: know her again) because my mind connects these two events.”
     On the other hand re-call is a simpler memory function with just 2 essential elements.  As again another and simpler little story can clarify: “First I saw Mabel off on the plane yesterday; second (although she’s no longer physically present) I can re-call something of her likeness now.”
   To re-call therefore means ‘to summon back to mind’, with its essence reducible to  First see, then later think (about it).”   While the essence of nearly all psi anecdotes is an exact temporal opposite: “First think (about something unusual); then later see (as it ‘comes to pass’ in reality).” 
    For accurate description of psi temporalities, pre-call therefore emerges as a more accurate fact-label than pre-cognition ever could.   It’s a neologism first coined and used by me in my address to the Parascience Conference - London, 1974.
    Pre-call has the further advantage that it can readily be visualised through a simple diagram, as the next slide shows.  Whereas, because of its inherent confusion,  pre-cognition just can’t by any means be so reduced.


   The left side of this diagram therefore embodies the well-known memory-curve introduced by H.Ebbinghaus in 1882.   High peaks denote past observations of high interest - with many details available to re-call soon after such events were first observed. 
    Though such details grow ever less prominent over longer intervals, condemned to fade away beneath the memory threshold.
    In contrast observations of lesser interest fade away much faster - often within hours or even minutes -  then rapidly growing irretrievable beneath the memory threshold.   For example who can now re-call anything about the first stranger encountered after leaving home today?
    Likewise the facts of psi awareness can all be depicted with a much steeper and future-directed memory curve.   Again this shows how high-interest observations (for example of an accident) tend to be pre-called from days, weeks, months ahead.  Whereas more trivial events (e.g. “I was just thinking of Mary, and then she texted”) tend to involve a time-lag of seconds or minutes at most.




 
    A further benefit of this new pre-call diagram is that it permits a first-ever calculation of relative frequency for the psi anomaly.   For this consider first that on average one might make 1 new observation for every single conscious second.  Though 1 observation per 10 seconds seems a more realistic estimate.
    Next multiply these estimates by your maximum 2 billion conscious seconds in the 97 years you’ll be rather lucky to survive.  So that you will end up with a maximum 2x109 observations - or more likely 2x108  - throughout your entire lifetime!
    Consider then that the average individual may well observe at least 2 potential cases of psi awareness during this entire lifespan.  That would mean an experiential anomaly with relative frequency of 10-9.  Or 10-8  more realistically.
    Although if you also take into account the total number of past observations you can now actually re-call at this instant, the relative psi frequency grows far less weak again.
    Historically in any case weak anomalies of this order have often proved important for new discovery.  As my earlier examples of radium (a 10-7 anomaly) and the Higgs Boson (10-16) show.   
    A third advantage of this diagram is that it can be very helpful once pre-call learning is begun.   Because, at the moment of Now, you can deliberately decide to render some future observation as interesting as possible.   So hopefully projecting its interest peak that little bit higher above the future-oriented memory curve.
    A final large attraction of this pre-call diagram is that it exhibits simplicity, compression and (partial) symmetry.  And these are all hallmarks of good science, as Murray Gell-Mann observes in his chapter on the scientific enterprise (The Quark and the Jaguar – 1994 – ch 7).
    In addition good science is also microscopic, in that its practitioners seek to observe the facts as closely as they can.   This entails close questioning of people as soon as possible after they’ve experienced what might be a psi episode. 
    Or an even closer and faster observation of your own mentalities, if you are susceptible to such events. 
    Such close analysis was what I once did in a novel and year-long Survey of Coincidence – conducted with 16 professional people, in Galway long ago.  And as I’ve reported in my e-book Future, Memory and Time  (2015).
    All of which contrasts with the more telescopic or traditional methods of psi observation, as recorded in books like Phantasms (1886) or Reaches of the Mind (1962.)   For, as critics have also pointed out, such records are too far removed from their source material.  Usually they detail possible psi anecdotes sent in by distant experients, and often relating to events from long before.  
    But the more microscopic approach I’ve pioneered can soon clarify that pre-call is most likely to maximise during periods of mental quietude.  (Mediums and mystics have of course been saying the same thing for centuries). 
    While conversely spontaneous pre-call tends to be minimised – or even disappear completely! – during periods of periods of mental disharmony, pressure, and the like.
   And by distilling such observations into more controlled or less happenstance situations, the path to pre-call learning then becomes more clear…